`wÿY-cwðgv‡ji gvby‡li we‡bv`‡bi cÖavb †K›`ª wbwiwewj
Bgivb †nv‡mb
wbwiwewj AvaywbK ˆewPΨ Avi cÖK…wZi Ac~e© mgš^‡q M‡o IVv bqbvwfivg GK we‡bv`b †K‡›`ªi bvg| mwZ¨B wbwiwewj cwi‡e‡k `„wób›`b †ivgvÝ we‡bv`‡bi G wgjb‡K‡›`ª †KvwK‡ji Kzû WvK †kvbv hvq| ïay Kû WvK bq weij cÖRvwZi cÖvYxi mgš^‡q wgwb wPwoqvLvbv, wgwb hv`yNi †_‡K ïi“ K‡i AvU© M¨vjvwi Avb›`ågb †ijMvwo, †ivcI‡q(Syjš— iv¯—v) GgbwK wWwRUvj we‡bv`b- bvbv e¨e¯’v Av‡Q GLv‡b| Avi GK ckjv my‡hvM K‡i Gme Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cÖwZw`b †`‡ki wewfbœ cÖvš— †_‡K bovB‡ji wbwiwewj‡Z nvwRi nb AMwbZ (nvRvi nvRvi ) bvix-cyi“l, Zi“b-Zi“bx, K‡cvZ-K‡cvZx, wkï-e„×-ewbZv me©¯—‡ii me eq‡mi †jvKRb| wKQy ågb wejvmx we‡`kxI wbwiwewji wbieZv Dc‡fvM K‡i gy» n‡q‡Qb|
Ae¯’vb: bovBj kni †_‡K 13 wKt wgUvi c~e©w`‡K †Rjvi †jvnvMov Dc‡Rjvi ivgcyiv MÖv‡g bovBj-‡jvnvMov-XvKv mo‡Ki cv‡kB 42 GKi RvqMvi Ici wbwiwewji Ae¯’vb| Gi DËi w`‡K e‡q †M‡Q g„Zcªvq beM½v b`x| wbwiwewj ¯úU †_‡K †jvnvMov Dc‡Rjv m`‡ii `~iZ¡ 2 wK.wg., †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi Kvwkqvbx Dc‡Rjv m`‡ii `~iZ¡ 15 wKt wgt Ges dwi`cy‡ii AvjdvWv½v Dc‡Rjv m`‡ii `~iZ¡ 20 wK.wg.|
`k©bxq welqmg~n: wbwiwewj g~jZt Avg,KvVvj, wjPz,bvi‡Kj, mycvwi, †gnMwb, Rv¤^yiv, wµmgvmwUª, SuvDmn bvbv cÖRvwZi Mv‡Qi myweb¨¯— evMvb| n-‡i-K cÖRvwZi cvwLi KjKvKwj gyLi K‡i †Zv‡j wbwiwewji wbieZv| cÖvPxi †Niv wbwiwewji c~e© w`‡K i‡q‡Q wekvj †cqviv evMvb| `~i-`~iZ¡ †_‡K Avmv K¬vš— ågb wejvmx‡`i Rb¨ G †cqviv evMv‡b i‡q‡Q †ek K‡qKwU wekªvg †eÂ| wekªvg †k‡l †cqviv evMvb †_‡K †ei n‡q Wvb w`‡K i‡q‡Q e„n`vKv‡ii evnvwi dzjevMvb| IB‡cs Mv‡Qi †eov †Niv GevMv‡b wewfbœ i‡Oi †Mvjvc, P›`ªgwjKv, Wvwjqv, Kmgm, wjwj, iRbxMÜv, Muv`v, m~h©gywLmn wewfbœ cÖRvwZi dyjMvQ i‡q‡Q| dyjevMv‡bi †kvfv AviI evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q kvcjvK…wZi †dvqviv `yÕwU| dyjevMv‡b ¯’vwcZ cv_‡ii ˆZwi HwZnvwmK beve wmivR D-‡`Šjv L¨vZ bZ©Kx Av‡jqv Ges †ivwgI-Rywj‡qU †cÖwgK hyM‡ji †ivgvÝ wm¤^j fv¯‹‡h©i w`‡K ZvKv‡j g‡b †`vjv bv †j‡M cv‡iB bv| g‡b jvMv †`vjv †_‡K nvwi‡q †h‡Z evg w`‡Ki cyKz‡ii Ici i‡q‡Q †`‡ki Ab¨Zg we‡bv`b †ivcI‡q| k~‡Y¨ågb Av‡ivnx‡`i ¯^cœxj f~e‡b †cŠ‡Q †`q| †ivcI‡q †_‡K †b‡g `wÿ‡Y wgwb wPwoqvLvbv| wPwoqvLvbvq i‡q‡Q i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi, Kzwgi, ARMi, nwiY, †Nvov, Li‡Mvk, nbygvb, evbi, gq~i, gywbqv, eyRwiKv, †cwjKb, wMwbwcM, g`bUvKmn wewfbœ cïcvwL| DËi-cwðg w`‡K i‡q‡Q wgwb hv`yNi| G hv`yN‡i iwÿZ bxj wZwgi wekvj †`‡ni KsKvjwU bRi Kvo‡eB| cwðg w`‡K ZvKv‡jB e„nr GK cyKyi| cyKz‡ii Ici i‡q‡Q Szjš— eªxR| eªx‡Ri gvhvgvwS RvqMvq L‡oi ˆZwi cvnvox wUjvi mxgvš— †PŠwKi Av`‡j GKwU QvDwb| G QvDwb‡Z `vwo‡q cyKz‡i ¯’vwcZ Wjwdb †dvqviv †`‡L bqb Rywo‡q hvq| nUvr †PvL co‡Z cv‡i cyKz‡ii fvmgvb †bŠKv¸‡jvi w`‡K| wcÖqR‡bi m‡½ †bŠwenv‡ii Rb¨ ˆeVv - nvj meB Av‡Q| Ac~e© ¯’vcZ¨wk‡í Muv_v cyKziNuv‡Ui wmuwo †e‡q Ic‡i I‡VB †Pv‡L co‡e wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg I wek¦ e‡iY¨ wPÎwkíx GmGg myjZv‡bi gywZ©| hvi `ycv‡k PgrKvi is‡hi `ywU `yg‡Lv WªvMb ev”Pv‡`i KvUz©b Qwei Av`‡j ˆZix †QvU †Q‡j †g‡q‡iv Gi mvg‡b †_‡K mi‡ZB Pvq bv | mvg‡b GmGg myjZvb AvU© M¨vjvwi I †i÷ nvDR| `~i-`~ivš— †_‡K Avmv ‡h ‡KD GLvbKvi DbœZ cwi‡e‡k bvggvÎ fvovq mcwiev‡i ivwÎhvcb Ki‡ZI cv‡ib| AvU© M¨vjvwii `wÿY-cwð‡g nsm †dvqviv- Rb¥ †_‡K Rb¥vš—‡i cvwb‡Z cv wfwR‡q gy‡LvgywL `vwo‡q `yÕivR ns‡mi fvjevmvi K_v ejv| †ijMvwo †_‡K †b‡g `wÿ‡Y wWwRUvi w_ª wW gywfR †m›Uvi| †fZ‡i Xy‡K KZ©„c‡ÿi †`qv we‡kl Pkgv c‡i `k©Kiv eo c`©vq (14 dzU(10 dzU) †`L‡Z cvb Kzwgi, nv½i, A‡±vcvm-WvBbvmi Avi f~Z-‡cÖZ| g‡b nq Gme fqsKi cÖvYxiv †hb †Z‡o Avm‡Q wb‡RiB w`‡K| wbwiwewj‡Z AviI Av‡Q Kvwgbx Mv‡Qi ˆZwi gq~ix, nwiY, G‡iv‡cb I cwÛZ gkvB‡qi †Uwej Ges wkï we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ PiKv, †`vjbv, Uvwb©s Kvi BZ¨vw`| KywUi wk‡íi GKvwaK ÷j †_‡K b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ ‡Ljbv, ‡kv-wcP µ‡qi myweav QvovI eB †Kbvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q eyK÷j|
wcKwbK ¯úU wn‡m‡e wbwiwewj: wbwiwewj GLb †`‡ki `wÿY-cwðgv‡ji me‡P‡q AvKl©bxq wcKwbK ¯ú‡U cwibZ n‡q‡Q| wcKwbK †gŠmy‡g cwZw`bB kZ kZ evm, gvB‡µvevm fwZ© †jvKRb GLv‡b wcKwbK Ki‡Z Av‡mb| AvMZ wcKwbKKvix‡`i myweav‡_© GLv‡b ivbœvi Pzjv, †WK‡iUi I R¡vjvwbi e¨e¯’v †iwW _v‡K|
wbwiwewj‡Z cÖ‡ekg~j¨ I ivwÎhvcb LiP: wbwiwewj‡Z cÖ‡ek wdm 10 UvKv cÖwZRb| Avi wcKwbKKvix‡`i Rb¨ Avjv`v wn‡me| †m‡ÿ‡Î evmcÖwZ 500UvKv I gvB‡µvevm cÖwZ 250 UvKv nv‡i cª‡ek wdm w`‡Z nq| wbwiwewji Ab¨Zg myweav nj KZ…©c‡ÿi e¨e¯’vcbvq GLvbKvi †ió nvD‡R ivwÎhvcb Kiv hvq| cÖk¯— e¨vjKwb, †Lvjv‡gjv cwi‡e‡k ¯^cwiev‡i _vKvi Rb¨ 24 wU Kÿ Av‡Q| cÖwZwU K‡ÿ `yÕwU K‡i kh¨v QvovI GKUv K‡i ev_i“g i‡q‡Q| GKw`‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ K‡ÿi fvov wfAvBwc 2000 UvKv gvSvwi gv‡bi i“g 1000 UvKv Ges mvaviY 500 UvKv|
wbwiwewji D‡`¨v³v: wbwiwewji D‡`¨v³v gyw³‡hv×v wewkó mgvR †meK BwÄwbqvi ˆmq` gwdRyi ingvb| wbZvš— m‡Li e‡kB wZwb cÖ_‡g ¯^í cwim‡i wbwiwewj m„wói D‡`¨vM †bb cÖvq †`o hyM Av‡M| wKš‘ ågbKvixi AvwaK¨Zv Zv‡K DrmvwnZ Kivq wZwb m¤ú~Y© wbR gvwjKvbvq AvR‡Ki wbwiwewj cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb| gwdRyi ingvb e‡jb wbwiwewji cwimi AviI evov‡Z msjMœ GjvKvq RvqMv bv cvIqvq wZwb 4 eQi Av‡M GK wKt wgUvi `~‡i KPzevwoqv MÖv‡g 25 GKi RvqMvi Ici ¯^cœwe_x bv‡g Lvgvievwo ¯’vc‡bi KvR ïi“ K‡i‡Qb| Lvgvi evwo‡Z g~jZt wkï we‡bv`‡bi me e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv‡jb D‡`¨v³v gwdRyi ingvb|
mvZÿxivq cyivKxwZ© k¨vgmy›`i gV-gw›`i AhZœ-Ae‡njvq AiwÿZ
†kL dwi` Avn‡g`
cÖK…wZi mv‡_ cyivKxwZ© hv‡`i mgvbfv‡e AvKl©Y K‡i Zv‡`i Avm‡Z n‡e Kjv‡ivqvi mxgvš— Rbc` †mvbvevwoqvq| ga¨hyMxq bvbv cyivKxwZ©i wb`k©b Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q Av‡Q †MvUv †mvbvevwoqv Ry‡o| GgbB GK cyivKxwZ©i bvg gVevwo gw›`i ¸”Q| miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq msiÿY Kiv †M‡j GwU n‡Z cv‡i Ab¨Zg ch©Ub †K›`ª| Kjv‡ivqv Dc‡Rjv m`i †_‡K 9.6 wK‡jvwgUvi `-‡i ‡mvbvevwoqv MÖv‡g GB cÖZœ¯’jwUi Ae¯’vb| cÖvq †cŠ‡b 4 kÕ eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv 60 dzU DuPz cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© †Niv †Uiv‡KvUv djK LwPZ wcivwgW AvK…wZi GB gV-gw›`i cÖvPxb ¯’vc‡Z¨i Aciƒc wb`k©b n‡q AvRI `vuwo‡q Av‡Q| RivRxY© I fMœcÖvq GB HwZnvwmK gV-gw›`iwU GLbB msiÿY Kiv bv †M‡j GKwU RvZxq m¤¯` webó n‡q hv‡e, Zv wbwðZ K‡iB ejv hvq| cÖZœZË¡ Awa`߇ii mv‡eK Dc-cwiPvjK †gvt †gvkvid †nv‡m‡bi †jLv ÔcÖZœZvwË¡K Rwic cªwZ‡e`b e„nËi LyjbvÕ eB‡qi 94 c„ôvi wØZxq Kjv‡g D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q G gw›`i 1767 wLª÷v‡ã R‰bK nwiivg `vk (gZvš—‡i `yM©vwcÖq `vk) wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| †hwU mZxk P›`ª wg‡Îi eB‡qI †jLv i‡q‡Q| GB cyivKxwZ©i me‡P‡q eo Gi wÎZjwewkó beiZœ gw›`i| GwUB Ôk¨vgmy›`i gw›`iÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gi mv‡_ jv‡Mvqv i‡q‡Q `yM©vgw›`i I wkegw›`i| GB gw›`i¸‡”Qi `wÿ‡Y GKwU Amg evûwewkó †PŠ‡Kv w`wN Av‡Q| k¨vgmy›`i g‡Vi wb‡Pi Zjv 10.82 wg./35dz.-6 B. eM©vKvi wfZ cwiKíbvq wbwg©Z| Gi wØZ‡ji gvc 10 wg./32dz.-10B.x 9.98 wg./32 dz.-9 B. Ges wÎZj 7.46wg./24 dz.-6 B.x7.16 wg./23 dy.-6 B.| d‡j gw›`iwU GKwU wcivwgW AvK…wZ aviY K‡i‡Q| `wÿYgywL GB gw›`‡ii wb‡Pi Zjvi wfZ‡ii As‡k PviwU fvM i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g fv‡Mi Pvicv‡k i‡q‡Q N-Y©vqgvb Uvbv Awj›`| wØZxq fv‡M i‡q‡Q 6.14 wg./20 dz.-2 B.c-e©-cwð‡g j¤^v Ges 1.32 wg./4 dz.-5 B. PIov GKwU gÛc| Z…Zxq fv‡Mi cwðg cv‡ki †KvVv Ges gv‡Si †KvVvwUi Dˇi GKwU K‡i cÖ‡Kvô i‡q‡Q|
wKš‘ c-e©vs‡ki †KvVvwUi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q GKwU Awj›`, †hLv‡b wØZj fe‡b IVvi wmuwo i‡q‡Q| aviYv Kiv hvq, c-e© I cwwðg †KvVv `ywU‡Z msiwÿZ g-wZ©i D‡Ï‡k¨ gw›`iwU wb‡ew`Z wQj| wØZ‡j i‡q‡Q GKwU `wÿYgywL †KvVv| Gi cwigvc 2.28 wg./7dz.-6 B. x 1.98wg./6 dz,-6 B.| wÎZj febwU Zzjbvg-jK †QvU| Gi `wÿY w`‡Ki g‡a¨i wLjvbwUi Ici GKwU †cvovgvwUi djK i‡q‡Q| †gvkvid †nv‡m‡bi IB Rwic eB‡q Av‡iv ejv n‡q‡Q, k¨vgmy›`i g‡Vi wb‡P i‡q‡Q 45.7 †mwg./1 dz.-6 B. DuPz wb‡iU gÂ| Gi cÖ‡Z¨K Zjvi Qv`cÖvšÍ aby‡Ki gZ euvKv| †KvY¸‡jv †KŠwYK| G¸‡jvi Qv‡`i Ici µgvY^‡q av‡c av‡c Ea©gywL M¤^yR i‡q‡Q| Avi gvSLv‡b Zzjbvg-jK eo GKwU iZœ i‡q‡Q| GwU ZvB ÔbeiZœ ¯§„wZ gw›`iÕ| beiZœ ev k¨vgmy›`i g‡Vi `wÿY-cwðg †Kv‡Y AviI GKwU `wÿYgywL gw›`i Av‡Q| GwU Ô`yM©v gw›`iÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| k¨vgmy›`i gw›`‡ii Mv †Nu‡l c-e©gywL gw›`iwU‡Z 91.43 †mwg./3 dzU DuPz GKwU Kv‡jv cv_‡ii wkewj½ Av‡Q| Gi Ici GKwU fvl¨ djK cv‡Vv×vi Abyc‡hvMx Ae¯’vq ms¯’vwcZ Av‡Q| Gi Qv` †PŠPvjv, KvwY©k abyKvKv‡i euvKv Ges †KvY¸‡jv †KŠwYK| GwU ÔAbœc-Y©v gw›`iÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| gw›`i¸‡”Qi me KwU Bgvi‡Z 22.85 †mwg. x 20.31 †mwg. x 2.53 †mwg.(9B. x 8B. x1B.) cwigv‡ci BU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv Muv_v n‡q‡Q Pzb I myiwK wgwkªZ gmjv w`‡q| eZ©gv‡b G gw›`i¸”Q cwiZ¨³ Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q| GB g‡Vi cv‡k AviI 8 wU (gZvš—‡i 10wU) gw›`i wQj| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, ivgnsm cigvb›` GK mgq gw›`i¸‡jv cwi`k©‡b G‡mwQ‡jb| Rvbv hvq, gV gw›`i¸‡”Qi Aí `wÿ‡Y ÔRwgi wek¦v‡mi cyKziÕ bv‡g †h RjvkqwU Av‡Q Zvi cvKvNv‡U e¨eüZ B‡Ui mv‡_ ÔAbœc-Y©v gw›`iÕ Gi B‡Ui wgj cvIqv hvq| Zv‡Z aviYv Kiv nq cyKziwU GKB mgqKv‡ji wb`k©b| eZ©gv‡b GB HwZnvwmK cyKziwU welgevûi AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| m¤cÖwZ GB k¨vgmy›`i gV †`L‡Z †mvbvevwoqv Ny‡i †M‡jb cÖZœZË¡ wefv‡Mi mv‡eK Dc-cwiPvjK I cyivZË¡ welqK †jLK †gvt †gvkvid †nv‡mb| cwi`k©bKv‡j Zviv mswkó GjvKvi gvby‡li mv‡_ K_v e‡jb| GjvKvevmx Zv‡`i Rvbvb, cÖZœZË¡ wefvM gw›`i¸‡”Qi msiÿ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ wbK-GUvB Zviv Pvb|
evsjv‡`‡ki wek¦ HwZn¨evnx ¯’vb
gnv¯’vbM‡oi cwiwPwZ: gnv¯’vbMo evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb cyivKxwZ©| c‚‡e© Gi bvg wQj cyÊea©b ev cyÊbMi| GK mgq gnv¯’vbMo evsjvi ivRavbx wQj| GLv‡b †gŠh©, ¸ß, cvj, †mb mvgªv‡R¨i cÖPyi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q| Gi Ae¯’vb e¸ov †Rjvi wkeMÄ Dc‡Rjvq| e¸ov kni †_‡K cÖvq 10 wK.wg Dˇi gnv¯’vbMo Aew¯’Z| †mb es‡ki †kl ivRv jÿY †mb hLb †MŠ‡oi ivRv wQ‡jb ZLb GB Mo AiwÿZ wQj (1082-1125)| gnv¯’v‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb bj hvi we‡iva †j‡M _vKZ Zvi fvB bx‡ji m‡½| G mgq fvi‡Zi `vwÿYv‡Z¨i kÖx‡ÿÎ bvgK ¯’vb †_‡K GK Awfkß eÖvþY GLv‡b A‡mb cv‡ci cÖvqwðË Ki‡Z| KviY wZwb ciï ev KzVvi Øviv gvZ„nZ¨vi `v‡q Awfkß wQ‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwbB GB `yB fvB‡qi we‡iv‡ai Aemvb NUvb Ges ivRv nb| GB eÖvþ‡Yi bvg wQj ivg| BwZnv‡m wZwb ciïivg bv‡g cwiwPZ| Kw_Z Av‡Q cikyiv‡gi m‡½ dwKi †ewk Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³avix `i‡ek nhiZ kvn myjZvb gvngy` ejLx (i.) Gi hy× nq| (1205-1220) hy‡× ciïivg civwRZ I wbnZ nb|
`k©bxq ¯’vb: gnv¯’vbMo evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU cÖvPxb ch©Ub †K›`Ö| GLv‡b gvRvi wRqviZ Ki‡Z Ges åg‡Yi D‡Ï‡k cÖwZw`b A‡bK †jv‡Ki mgvMg N‡U| GLvbKvi `vbev‡· msiwÿZ A‡_©i cwigvY evwl©K cÖvq 70 nvRvi UvKv hv gvRvi gmwR‡`i Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb I Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqb Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
kxjv‡`exi NvU: M‡oi c‚e©cv‡k i‡q‡Q Ki‡Zvqv b`x Gi Zx‡i Ôkxjv‡`exi NvUÕ| kxjv‡`ex wQ‡jb ciïiv‡gi †evb| GLv‡b cÖwZ eQi wn›`y‡`i mœvb nq Ges GKw`‡bi GKwU †gjv e‡m|
†eûjvi evmi Ni: gnv¯’vb evm ÷¨vÛ †_‡K cÖvq 2 wK.wg `wÿY-cwð‡g GKwU †eŠ× ¯—¤¢ i‡q‡Q hv mgªvU A‡kvK wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| ¯—‡¤¢i D”PZv cÖvq 45 dyU| GwU †eûjvi evmi Ni bv‡gB †ewk cwiwPZ|
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